חומר רקע

PDF 28,550 תווים המסמך המקורי ↗

149 §£¦³²£ ,£" «³´ ² ¢ " 14 «²¨ 2001 ¥¦ ³£ - ´«ª¥ ³² , ² §² ´«ª¥ ²¡ ´«ª¥ £²¡ ´£ ¥²¨ ´²£¡ ´¬ £²¡ ³£ ££´² - ³² , ´£ ¥²¨ ´²£¡ ´¬ £²¡ ´«ª¥ £²¡ , ©ª : ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ ©¨ §£² £¨¥£« £¨ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ §£« §¬ ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´¡ - ´²£¡ ¦ £ §£ ¥²¬ª³ " «³´ ¢³ " , 6 ²²® 2001 - ©³¡ ©£¬¨ ¤²¬¦ £´³±£ - ²°± ³®ª , ££±®´ £´ £²¢³ ´¡ ´£« ¦¬ ¨¬ £´²¨ ²±£¬ ³£¥ - ´£ ¥²¨ ´²£¡ ´¬ ³² . §£³ª ¨¥ ¢²® ² . ¨£±¨ ²¬ £ ¥²¬ª³ ´²£¡ § 6 ²²® 2001 ´³²¦ ´²£¡ ¤ £ ¦³¨¨ , ¦ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ ±¦¡ © ¦¢ª . ²¡ ©³¦ : ´²£¡ ¦ £ ¦ ´«ª¥¦ - ²± : ´¦®¨ ´²³¬ ¨¥ ´®´´³¨ © ´²£¡ - ¦ £ ¦ §£¨¬¨ ²´£ ³¦³ §£ª£ ²¡£´ © ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´²£¡ . ©¡££ ´²£¡ ¦³ ´¥²¬¨¦ ©¨ ±£®¦ ©´£ª³ §£¡±¦ ¦£¨¨ ¦£¨ ´¡£¨ ´³²¦ §£¨¬¨ £ª³¨ ²´£ §£®´´³¨ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ ¦³¨¨ . - ´¬ , ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ ¦³ §£²±£¬ - « ¦¥¨ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ 150 ³ - § §£²±£¬ §´ , ¦ ¤²¬ ¬ª ©¨ - ª±®³ §£¡±¦¦ ¢¬¨ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨¨ ´¡£¨ . ´²£¡ ±¡ ) ¦¨¬´ £¥² ( , £³´ " ¢ - 1959 ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ £¥² ¦¬ ²±£ª³ ´ª³ ´£ª¨ , ´¦¨¬´ ©ª££ª¬³ ©£ ´² ¦³ ´³¡¨ ª£¡ ³² £¥ £´¬ £´¬£ ´²£¡ . ²±£¬ , ©¨¥ , ´²£¡ ±¡ ) ¦¨¬´ £¥² ( , £³´ " ¢ - 1959 ) ±¡ ª¥ ©¦¦ - ¦¨¬´ ±¡ .( ¡£ª¨ £ª - ¡£ª¦ ££¡ £ª - ´¬¦ £¥ ³ª ´¬ ´ ´¦±¨ ´££³ ¬ ´ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ±£³ ´±£±¡ ´¥²¥ £³ ª³£¨ £³ª ¦¥ ¦¬ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ , ©¥ : ¤«¡¦ ¤²° §£³¨ , ¬ ´²£¡ §£¨´¨ ©£ ©£³ §££±¦ . §£² £ª® £ ¤¥ ´ª³ 1959 - ¦ §£¥ § ©¥ . §£ª³ ´°²¨ , ´¬¦ £´¨¦ ¤¥ , ´² ¥® ´¨£³£ £´¦¦ ´£¢ª¦² £´¦¦ ±¡ ´²¨ , £´¦ ²¬® ²°ª ¤¥ - £°² ´¦®¨ £¥²° ´ª ±£¢±²® ©£¦ ±¡ ´² ©£ . ²´£ - ¦¬ - ©¥ : ±¡ «£ ´£³ ´£´³´ , §£³¨ ©¥«£¡ ³ª¥ , £¢£ £¦¥ ²«¡¨ £¢±® ´²³±´ £¦¥¦ ³£ ££³± §££ , ¦ ³¡¨ ª£¡¦ £ £² ²¬°£¨¦ ¨ ª´³ª ª££¡³ §³¨ . £ §££¡ ´£°¨ , §£ £¨ ´ ´¬¦ £´¡¥ª ¨£ , ±¡ ¦³ ´² ´²¨ ¬£®¨ §£¨¦¬´¨ ´¦®¨ §£¨´¨³ , ²°¦ ¤ £ ±¡ ³¬ª³ ²¥£ª ³¨£³ £¥ ´¨³²´¨ ¬ª¨£¦ £´¦¥£ ¦ ¤ £¢£¦® ¡£ª . ¬ ´ : ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ , ²¡£´³ ´¥²¬¨ ¦ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ , §£¨¬¨ £ª³ §£ª£ ´²¥ - ²¨ ¨³ : £ª³ ´¢¨ §£¨¬¨ - " ³± £´¦ ´£² " ¡³ ¬³ ¬² ¦¬ ³£ ªª¦´£ ¦ £®¦ ±¡ ¦¬ ²¬£ §££ª³ ©¨ . ¤¥ , ¦³ ° ©ª¦´ §±¨ ¡ ¦¬ £³£ §£¨´¨ - ±¡ ¦¬ ²¬³ £ª¦® ¦¬ , ¦¬ - ª¬¢ £® , ¡ ¦³ ´¢¦ §£¨¬¨ - ³¨¨ £ ´ª¦´ , §¬ ©£ ´ ´°¨¦ ² ´¡ª £ £´³¡ ´ §¬ ¨´¨ ´ , §£® §¨£¬ §¨°¬ §£¨´¨ £¥ £¬£ £³ £¨ °¨ª ¦ ¤ ±¡ ¦¬ ´¬ ¦¥ §£²¬ §£²¡ §ª ©ª¦´ . £ £´¨¦³ £²±£¬ ¡±¦ , ²¬ª£ £¥ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ £²³ ¢£ ´ ¦¢¦¢£ - ¢£ , ¦ §£¨£ ¡²¦ ¦ §£¨£¦ ¨£´¦ . ¯£¦¨¨ £ª 151 ¦¦¥´³ ¬ §£±¦ ´²³® ¦±³£´ £¥ , ²³ ©£ , £¨ ²£° £³ª § §«²® ´²³±´ §±«£¬³ , ±¨ ©¡¦ £ ¦³ £±®´¨ ´² ´ ² ©¥¬¦ £ª£³¦ ´£² §£¥² ±¡ . ²®«¨ ´° £¨°¬ ±®« ´¬ ªª££ª¬¦ ´¨³´ ´ «¦ £² £¥ £´²«³ ´£« - ©£¦ ¦ . £ £¦¢ £² ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ - £¦¦¥ £¬« ´²¥ 5) )( 1 ( ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ , £² ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ²« £¨£ §£³£³ £ £¦¢ ´²£¡ §£ £ª®¦³ § , ¦¨¬´ £²£³ ¢¬¨¦ ³²®¨ ¡² ±¡ §£²´¨ . ±£¨¬¨ ²±¡¨ £´¥²¬ ¦ , £ ¨ £´²²£ ¦ § £²¢¢¢« ©Ö ² ¦³ §£¨£ §£³£³ §´ ²¬ §£ª³ . ´¬¦ £´¡¥ª ´ , ´££ ¦¥ ´££ ±¡ ´² ´£¡¥ª ´²£¡ ¤¦¨³ , £ © ²³ £²¢¢¢« © ² ²´ª £² . £ £¦¢ £² £²£³ - ´³¡ , ´£ª¥´ ¦¦¨ , ´ª£² , £² - ¡£³ , - ¬ ¡£³ - ¬ §¦¥ ¦¢ - £² §´®³¦ ²¦ ¦¨¬´ , £² £ ¦³ ²£³ ¦ ´£ª¥´ °¨¦ £´£³±´ª³ ¬ ¦¨¬´ . ²¬ ²¥ ¦´ª £³± , ¦¬ - £³£ ¬± ©¥ - ´²£¡ ´¬ ³² ¦ ¨±³ ¥¦ £ - ´£ § - ©£¦¬ ¢®³¨ - - ³¨ ¦¦¥¨ £° " ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ " ³ §£²£³ " £¢ªªª£¨ «£ " ´³¡ ¦³ «£ ª£ § ´ª¨ ¦³ «£ ) ¦³¨¦ ² : " ¯ 869/92 , 931 ª £¦£ ' £ " ´²£¡ ´¬ ² ³¦³ ´«ª¥¦ ´£ ¥²¨ - ²³¬ , ® " ¨ )2 ( 692 ; ´ " ¥ 12/15 ¡ " ¥ £¦ ª ¢£¨³¦ ' ¦³¨¨ ³² , ´£¡ª ´¢¦¡ 1999 , 81 .( ¦ ´¢¦¡ ¦±´ª , ²¨¦ ²´¨¦ , ±´£³¦ £¦ ¦³ §¥¦¨ §² ¦ §££¡¦ ²³®¦ £¥ £² £ £¦¢ §£²£³ . ©¥ , ´²£¡ §£ª££ª¬´¨ ¦¥ ´²£¡ ´®±´ , ¦± ©°² ´ ±®«¦ ´²³±´ £¬°¨ §£³±¨ ¬¢ ¤² . ¤²° ©£ §¦ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ©£ ª¡ £¥ ©£¦ £¥ ²±¡ ±£¨¬¦ ) ²« ( ´³¡ ©£¦ ) ´²´¨ ( - ¦ - ¦¥ - ´ °¨¦ ³®¡¦ ©£«£ª ©¥³ " £¢ªªª£¨ «£ " £ª¦® ²£³ - ¬ ³± ¨£³¨ ª£ - ´£²³® £´¦ £¦ ¨¦ . §£¨ ¦¥ ©£ ²£¥¦ ¦³¥ ©£«£ª¦ §£² § ´¦¬ £ª®¦ £´²¥¦ ´¦¥´ ©£ ²¡³ . § ª , ¦³¨¦ , §£¨¬¨ §¬ §£±£¢£¦® §¬ ´ª£² - ©£ ¡²£ ´£ª¥´ - ¦³¨¨ £²³ §£¬£®¨ § §£ £ª££ª¬¨ ´³¡ £²£° ´²£³ §£²¡ §£²£¥ §££±®´ £«®´ . ¦ , §´££² ¬¢¨ , 152 ¦¨¬´ ¦³ ¥ «£ § §£³ª , £ §£´£¬¦ §´ ´ª¥¦ £´¥¦¨ ¤ ´³¡ . - ´¬ , ©£¬¨ §£²£³ ²«¦ ¦³ ¬´ ²³£ ¦¥³ - ¦ , ²³® §£¨££±¨ ´²³±´ £¬°¨³ §±¨ §¨£± ´ ¬ª¨¦ £² ´£¦¥´ ©£ ¦³ °££ £² © £ §££±´¨ ¬ ¦¥ §£¦¬ ´¦¢¨ ´ª£ ´¡ ´ ª³ ´¬ ¦³ §£ª³ §£¨¬¨ ´ . £±®´ £¨± ²¨ ¡² §£² , °¨ £¦ ¢®³ , ª³¦ : £¬« ¬± ²«£ 5) )( 1 ( ´¦ ¤® ´¨ , ¦¬ ±² ¦ - ¦¬ § ¦ ª³¦ £® - ¡² £® ´£²±¨ ; ¦¢¦ ¬³ ¬£ . ³²³ ¦¥¥ £°²¬ ³¨£³ ¦¬ £³¦¥ ¦£¨ ´¦¢ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´¦ ²£³ - £¨°¬¦³¥ , £ª ®±®¨ ¦£¨ ¦³ ¨£± ¤²° §°¬ ± ´ ¥ - ¨£´¦ £´¦ ´ ²°¦ ³£ «£ ´ª²±¬¦ , ²£° £¥²°¦ ©¨ ¡²¦ . ´ª³ §£ª¥ª £ §£² ¦ § 1999 , §£¥ § §£ª¥ª ©¥³ ¦¥ ¦ , §¬ £ £¦¢¦ £²¦ §£££¢ª²¢¦ ´²³±´ £¬°¨ ³¨£³ ´¡²´ , §³² ª²¢ª£ ´³² ¢ . ¦¬ £´¨¬ - ´ ¤¥ " ¨ 16/01 ³ " « - §£²®« ´¡´ ª ²´ £²¨³ ´£¨¦¬ ' ¡ " «ª£® ²£® ¥ , £ ©« " ´²£¡ ´¬ ² , £²¨ ¢ª²¢ª£ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ¦¬ ¦ §£² : ´¦ ´ °²® ´£ª²¢±¦ ´²³±´ ²¥¨³ §£¨£ £¦¬ ²°³ , ¡²¨ ¦³ ¦¦¡ °±¨ ª´³ª ¢³®´ ´²³±´ - ¦ - °± ª ª£¨£¦ ¬ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ´±£±¡ ¨ . ££ª£¬ ¨ , ±¡ ¬± ² ²«£ £¥ ´²³±´ £¬°¨ ³¨£³ ¦¬ ¦¨¬´ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ §££ª²¢±¦ , ² ± ¦¬ ¦¢¦£¢¦ ²¬£ª¦ ²«£ ´ ³²ª £¥ §£°²¨ª . £ª® ´ ª£³ £«¨ §¦¬ , ©£ 153 « ±£ ¡ª ¤£³¨ª £¥ ±° £ ²³®³ §£² § §£¨£´¨ ¡²¥ ¦ ¤ §ª¨ ¦ §£®£ ª£¨£¦ . ©¥ ¦¬ ²´£ : £ £¦¢ ¦¬ £² ¦¬ §£¦¡ §£²«£ ´²´ - ²³ §£²«£ ¢ª²¢ª£ §³² §£²¡ ´²³±´ £¬°¨ ¦¬ §£¦¡ §ª£ - £² ´£²ª ª£ ££ª£¬ . ¤¥ , ¦³¨¦ , £ £¦¢¦ £²¦ ¢ª²¢ª£ ´³ ¦±³¦ ³£ , ¦ ²³ ¤²° , £´¬¦ , ¨£´¨ ±£±¡ , ²´£¦ ©£ ²«£¦ ©£ . ¦¬¨¦ £´²¨³ §£² , ©¨ §££«¦ £ª°² : ´²£¡ £ª³ ¨´ © ´²£¡ £ ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´ª²¡ ´¡£¨ ¦ §£¨´¨ . ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ £´£«ª´ª ¦ - ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ ©¥³ ¦¥ ¦ ©³ - ²£¡ § ´¬ ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´ - «¨ ³£±¦ ³±³ ¤¥¦ ²¬ £ª ²¡ ´²£¡ «¦ ²¡ ´²£¡ . § ´ª²±¬ , §ª¨ , ´ª²±¬ §´ , ¦ §£² ´¨´ ¤²° ³£³ . ¦³¨¦ : §£¨¬¨ £ª³ ©£ ´¨´¦ ¬ £´££ , £² ²« ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ¦¬ §£¨¬¨ ©¨ £¨ °¨ ´ª¦´ ²¬£ £ °¨ £ £¦¢ £² , ©££ª¬¦ ¦ ²« ¦¨¬´ ´¦³ £¨°¬ £´²¢ ¦ §££ª³ ©£ ©£³ . ´²¡´¨ ´¦®¨ §£³¦³ ££ª£¬ ª ²££°¦ ³±´ ¦ - ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ §£¨¬¨ ¬² ³¦³ ¬ ©£¦¬ £«¦ ©´£ª - £ ª³ ²³® ´¥²¬¨ £¥ ª¬£ . - ´¬ , ©£ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ §£¨® ¬´¦ ´³²¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡¥ ´¥²¨ ´²£¡ ©££ª¬¦ § §¨ §¦ ¦³¨¨ . ©²¡ ² : ´²³±´ £¬°¨ ¦¨¬´ ²«£ ´ ¦¢¦ ¢¦¡£ § §££ª²¢±¦ - , ©£®¦¡¦ , §£¥ ²²³ ²«£ ©«² ´ ¢¬¨ ²£´¦ - ©££¬ © £ ¡£¢´³ ´¥²¬¨ ¦³ °£¬ ¦¬ ´¬ ´ ´´¦ §±¨ ££ ´ª£ ´²³±´ £¬°¨ . ´¬ °£¬ ´²³±´ £¬°¨ ¦³ ¬£²¥¨ §¦±³£¨ - ¦± , ¦¦¥¦ ´ª ¨£ ³¨³£ ´¬£ ©£¨ ´ ®±³£ §£²£³ £¥ ££¡¨ §£¨¬¨ . ´ §¬ ²¥ ª , ¢¦¡¨ ©£³ §¬¨³¨ ©£ ´ª£ © £ £¥ , £ ¨°¬ ²£³ ´ ©£³ ¦ . §£ª´£ª ´ª£ © £ ©¨ ¤²¦ ª£¡¦ , ¤¥ §¢®³¦ ³£ . §£¢³® §ª£ §¦¦¥ §£² , ²¨¥ , ²±¨ §ª¡¦ ¤²° ³£ . 154 ´ª¢± ´¦®¨ £¥ ¬ ²³® - ¡£¨ ©££ª¬ © ¦¨ ª£ ²£°³ - ª³²£´ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´¦ " ´ª££²³¨ " ´²³±´ £¬°¨ . ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ §£ª¥´ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ ¬¨¦ ¤¨« ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ , ¦³ £´°¦¨ ´±¬ £±®´ £¨± , °¨ £¦ ¢®³ , ²®«¨ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ´ ´«ª¥ ª±£´ §£³ª . ´¦¬® £¬®ª¦ ©¡¢ ´¡¥¦ ´«¡££´ ¦¬ «ª ¦ §£ª±£´ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ §£¦£ ´£³ ¦¬ ¦ £ . §££² §£ª±£´ ¦³ §ª££ª¬¦ ¨¥ ²£¬¦ £´³±£ ¦ ´²¬ . ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ §£¦£ ´£³ £¬«¦ §´ 2 ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ " ¦£³ ¦£ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ´³£ ¦ ¦£¦ ´¡´¨ 15 ." £¥ ´¬± ®£«¨ ±¡ ´² " ©££ª¬¦ ' , ´£³ ' ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ - ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ³¨£³ ¢¬¨¦ , ¢¦± §¦£° ´£´²³ ´¦£¬® ¦£ ¬£®¨ §³ ". . ´² ¦³ ´£¦¥´ ¦¬ - £´¨¬ ±¡ ¡ §±¨ , §³ £´´¥ ¤¥ : ¦³ §´®´´³ ´ ¦£¦ ±¡ ´£¦¥´ ¦£¦ ´¡´¨ §£¦£ 15 ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ , §¦°£ª §³¨ ´®´´³ ´ ³£³ §±¨ §£¦£ ¦³ , §´¬££ ¦³ ²³® , ´²¢¨¦ ©¨¨ , ´²¡ ²¢¨ ¦¥¦ ´£¢£¦® ´²¢¨¦ ¢ ´ ´¨±¨ ª£³ ¦£ ´ . ©¥ , ²±£¬ §£ª£¢± ¦¬ ©¦ ©°² ±¡ ¦³ , §³ §£¬¨ §ª£ §££¬¢ §£«®²¢® §£¦¬ ©¦ £¥ ³²ª ´ §£³¬ §ª£ , ±¡³¨ ´²£ ¦ ¯¡¨ §£ª£¢± £°¨ ±¡ £¢£¦® 155 ²´£ - ¦¬ - ©¥ : ´² ¦³ ´£¦¥´¦ ª´¬ ª´£´ - ª£ª®¦³ ±¡ , ©¥ª £ ¦ , £´¬¦ , ³¨ ´ ³²®¦ " ´£´²³ ´¦£¬® " §£¨££¨ §£¨¬¨ ¦¬ ¨°¬ ³²®¥ ¥ ª££®¦ £ ©´£ª³ ´¦£¬® §£¦£ §£¬£®¨ § " ´£´²³ ´¦£¬® " ¦¦ ´¨£¨ ´££ . ¦ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ ³¬ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ ´²«¨ - ´®£±¬¦ ¢¬¨ £¬« ´²³ ²«£ 2 ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ . ´£³² , ³¨£³ ³¬ §££ª³ ²£´ - ²´£ ²£´ - ¦¬ - £¨ - §£¦£ ´ª¨´ . ©¥ , ¦¬ £ ²¨ - ² " ´¦£¬® ´£´²³ " ±¡¦ £²¡ ²¥ , ´ £¥ ²´«¨ §¦ " ´£´²³ ´¦£¬® " ¥® §£¦£ §¥²¦ §£¬² £ ¦¨¬´ £²£³³ ¬ ²´£ ®¥´ ²³¦ . ´£ª³ , ¦³ §£´ª¨´ ²£´ ³¨£³ ³¬ª ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ¡®³¨ £²± §£¦£ . ´¡¨ ´¡ - £¬« ´²³ ²«£ £¥ ¬ £´¬£ £´´¥³ ´¬ 2 ±¡¦ ¨¬¨ ¦³ £¦£ ¦¬ ¦¡ ª£ ¦¨¬´ , £ª£ª ¦¬ £¥ª ¦¬ , ²£´ £¥ £´®« ¦¬ ¡®³¨ £²± §£¦£ ¦³ §®´£³ - ©¡£¨ £® " ´£¦¢ª£°ª£ " ; ¦ £¦¢ª£°ª£³ , §£² ¬¢¨ , ³ ¦¥£ ª£ ²±£¬ ¤®£ . ³¨£³ ³¬ª £¥ ²´«¨ ²´£ ££«ª¢«± - ¦¬ - §£ª£¢± ¡®³¨ £²± £¨¬¢¦ £¨ . ³¨£³ , £´¬¦ , ±¡ ´£¦¥´¦ ª¨ £ , ©¨£« ¤¥ ´²¦ ©£ £® £´¥² § ´¦ . ©¡¢ ´¡¥ ª££ª¬³ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ - £¬« ´²¥ 2 ) ( ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ , ¨¬´ ³¨£³ ²« ´²£¡ ´¦ ° " £¥ §³² ²°£¦ £³¬ ©® ¦ " ¦®¨ §¬ ¨ ¦²³£¦ ª ° §£¨¬¨ ´¨£³² §¬ ." ° ¦³ ´¥£® ¬ª¨¦ ¬ª ²«£ " ¦³ £«¥ª¨ «¥ª¦ ¦ ¨¬¨ . ´¡¨ ´¡ £´´¥ ¤¥ - ©££ª¬¦³ ´¬ : ° " §¬ ° ¦ , ª£¨ ° , ¦ ²« £³¬ ´ª¨´ ©£²±¦ ¨¬¨¦ ²£´¦ ´ ° £¥ §£®° ¦¬ §³² " ¡ ¦ - § ¡ ¢¬¨¥ - § . ²¨££ ª£¨£ ©³¦ , ¦ ²« £¥ ° ´ «¥ª¦ ¨¬¨¦ " ¨°¬¦ ¦ , ²± : ´³¬¦ 156 ° ´ " £«¥ª¨ «¥ª ¦ , ¦¬ §³² ²£´¦ ° £¥ §£®° " ¤¨´ ¦ , ° £¥ " ¨¬ ¦ £²¡¨ . £¬« ´² £¥ ª´¬ ©´£ª 2 ) ( ®¦ ¨°¬ ´¨°¨°¨ ° ¦³ ´¥£ " «¥ª ¦ ¨¬¨ ¦³ £«¥ª¨ . - ´¬ , ¦³ §£¨¦£° ³¨£³ ´²« ² ´ ©£ ° " ° £¥ §³² ²°£¦ £¥ §£¬²£ §´ ©£ ¬ ¦¥ §£ª³ §£¬²£ ¦ " ¦ ¨¬¨ §¬ ¨ . ©¨ ² ´¡ª £ £´³¡ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ ¦³ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ² ³¨£³ - ¨ ² - ° ³¬ª³ " ¦ , £´¬¦ £¥ £¦ ²ª - £¦ ³£ ¦ ¬®´ §°¨°¦ . ´² §£ª³ §£¦££¡ £ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ , §²¬ ´ £°£ £¥ ©£¢¦¡¦ §£¦¬ ²« § £² £ ¦ £¥ £´²« £° . - ´¬ , ³¬ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ £¥ ´¨³²´¨ ²²¡´³¦ £´¦¥£ ¦ ° ²®¨ ³¨£³ . §£³ª ¦¬ ´¡ ¦ £´¨¬ ¦ , ´¡ £´´¥ ²³ ©£ ´¡¨ - £ £ª«¦ £´¡¦³³ ´¬ " ´²£¡ ´¬ ² : ´¦¨¬´ £ ¦ £¥ §£¥«¦ ©¥ª £ª ° ´ ²² ©® «¥ª¦ £¥ ´²£¡ " £¨¦ ¦ §£¨¬¨ ©¨ , ²²¡´³¦ £´£³±´ª §¦ ° ³¨£³ £¥ ³²¨ " ²´£ ² £ ¦ - ¦¬ - £¨ . ¦® ¤² ¦¬ ²¨ , ¦³ §£¨¦£° £¥ ° " £´¦ ¬±² ³¨£³ ¦¬® ¦ - ±«® ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´¦ , £ £¦ ¨² ¬ - ²¨ ´¡ª . ´¡¨ ´¡ - £¥ £´´¥ ´¬ ¦³ £° ²¬ ²£´ ¦«® ² £ªª£ ¨¬¨ , ´²£¡ §£¨¬¨ £ª³ £¥ £²£¥ ´² §£ª³ §£¦££¡ £ ´ ´³¨³¨¨ , ³ £´®« ' ¥ ²«£ §´¦£¬® ´° ¦¬ ¦¢£ £ ´£° , ¯°±¦ £¥ ²«£ ´ £ £´¬¨³¨ ©® §¦³ £®²£ ' . ² ¡ £ªª£ 157 £´´¥³ ¦ §£²¨ £ , ¦³ ¦¥ §¦ £¨ ¦³ , ¦³ ² £¦ §¥£¦¬ ¨³ £² £¨ ´ ²¬¦ . ©¥ , ° ¡²ª ³¨£³ " ´ ²¬¦ £¥ ³£ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ¦ ° - ª´¢ ¦³ ´¢ ¦³ - ª¦¥ - ´£¢£¦® ²£ . £´¬ª¨ª ²´£ ´£¦²£¦ ´ª³²® £´¢±ª ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ ´£«ª £ £¦¢ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ §£¬¢± ¦«®¦ ´¥¨« ³¨£³ ´³¬¨ . £ª¨ , ´ §¬ , ³£ § ££ £² ª´³ ´²£¡ £¥ - £®±£ ´²£¡ ´¬ ³² ²´£ £¥² . §£¥² ££° ¦¨¬´ £¢¦³ §£¢¦³ ´¬¨ ³¨£³ ¦¬ ´ª³ ´¦ ¬± ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ . ¥²¬ª ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡¦ ²¬ ±¡ §£®£±¨ §£ª±£´ , §¢²®³ ¤²° ©£ . ´ ¤ ²¨ , ³±£ §£ª±£´³ ª£¨¦ ´°¡ ¢¦£³ ¦¬ ¦±¦ , §£²¡´¨ ´¦± ³¨£³ ³¬ ©¥ ´²£¡ §¦ ª´£ª³ ¦ . §¦ ©´£ª³ ¡²ª ²´£ §£¨¬¨ ±®´« ¦ ¦¬® ´°¡ ¢¦£³¦ , §£³£¥ §£¥² ££° ¬² ª ²¦ §£²« ¦¨¬´ £¢¦³ §® ³££ ´¨±¨ §££ª²£¬£ª£ . ´£²¬ ®³¦ ª£¨¦ ³¡ ³¨ ¨³ " £²¦® :" ±£¢«¦® ¦³ ²°£± - £² . §£¥² ££°¦ ¦´ª ¦ §££²¦® ²´£ ¡²ª ¡² , §£¦£¬® §¨°¬ ¦¬ ¦¢ª³ ´£ ´£££¡´ ´²¨¦ ´²£¡ ´¢¨ , ¯² ¦¥ §££²¦® ´££¦´¨ ¬ª¨ª ¦ § §¡¥ §¦ ¨¬ ¦ ¦¥ . §£¥² ±¡³ ´² £¥ £¦ °¨ª ²³± ) ¢¦£³ ( , ¥³´ " - 1966 ) ±¡ ª¥ª ©¦¦ - ¢¦£³ ±¡ ( §££²¦® ´¬®´ §¡¦£¦ © £ ©£ . £¬« ´²¦ £ £´ª¥ 8 ¢¦£³ ±¡¦ , §£¨££«¨ §£¨±¨ §£ª´ ª´¨ © ¨¬ ´³²³ ´° ²« §±¨ ¢¦³ ¦´³ £¨ ££¡¦ ©´£ª³ §± §±¨ ©¨ ´²«¦ . £¬«¦ §´ 8 ²¨ , ¨ ´¥¨«¨ .¬. §£¢¦³ ±¦«¦ ° 158 ¦³ ¨³³ ¦®¥ ª£¨ ²°¦ §¦³¦ ¢¦³ ´ ¦´³ £¨ ´ ££¡¦ ±¡¥ ±¦£«¦ °³ ´° . §¦ , ²¦ ª´ §±¨ £ª´ ) §££²¡¦ ®¥ ( , , ¨°¬ ´ ²£«¨ £³ §± ¢¦³ ¦¬ ²´´ ´³²³ . ²´ £¦¬ ²´¦ ³±³ £³± ´²°£ - ´®±´ ¡££ - ´²£¡ ´®±´¥ ¯¡¦ - £ª ´¨±¨ ²´ ¦¬ ²´£ ¦³ ¤² ¦¬ ±¡ ´ ©±´¦ ¬£°¨ . ¦¬ ± ¡ ²« ³¬¨ ³¬³ ¬£ £¥ ²« §±¨ ´²£¡ ¢¦³ ¦´³ £¨ , °¡ª ª£ ´²£¡ ¦³ ¯¡¦ ²´ . ¬®´ ´ ¬ª¨ª ±¡ ©±£´ ¤² ¦¬ £ ´²£¡ ª¦±´ª³ , ¨³ .¬. §££²¦® ¦³ §±¦£« ´° ³ª ° ´¡´ ´° ³£ §£¨¬¨ ²³ . ©£ ´° ¦®¨ ¨¬¨ ££¡´ §£¢¦³ ¦³ §±¦£« , ´£¢¨¢ ª£¥ª´ ¦ ´° £¥ ¬£°¨ £«¨ £ª ´¦®¨ ©¨£¨¨ , £¬«³ ² ´¨¥ 17 ) )( 1 ( ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ . ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ´ ©±´¦ ¬£° ©¥ , ²«£ ´¬£± ¤² ¦¬ - £° ¡ £°±ª« ²¨ - ´°¡ ¦¨¬´ ´¬¨ ±£¦ . ´±£ ¦¨¬´ ´¬¨ ´²£¡ ²¡¦ ² ©¨ ¤³¨ª ¬®¨¦ © ´¨² ©´£« ´ ´²¬¥¨ . £² £ £¦¢ ¦¨¬´ £²£³ ©£ §¦³´ ¦¬ - ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ´² £® , ³²¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ ¦¨¬´ £²£³ £ £¦¢ £°²¬ £² ¦³¨¨ §¦³´¨ §£²¢® §£ª£¨¦ . £´££ ¦¥£ ±¡ ´² ©£¦ - ©£¦ , ±£°¦ ¦ § - ´¦®¨¦ ©´£ª ©¨£¨ ¦¦ , ´²£¡¦ § ´®¢³ ©´¦£¬®¦ § . §¦ , ª£¨ ²°¨ ©¨£¨ ©´£ª³¨ ´¦®¨¦ , ©¨ ²¬ ´¦®¨ ª¨¦³´ ¦ ¬¨ ¢ §¬¢ ² £ªª£ - ¤«¨ ©¨ - ©¦ ©´£ª ² ´ ©´³±¥ . £² ¦¨¬´ £²£³ £¥ §£¥«ª ª¦¥ ´³² ´ª£¥ £¦¬ ¦³ ²£³ ´³² ¦³ ©££ª± ´¥ ¨ §£¢¬¨¨ £ £¦¢ ££ª³ , ¦¢ª³ ¨ ²¬ §¦³£³ ¦ £² ´¦ ¦³ ©££ª± ´¥ ¨ ¦¢ª³ £¨ . ´ª£¥£ £¦¬ §£² §£²¨ ¡££ , ¢£¨ §£¨¦³¨ §£±«¬ £³ª ¦ ¬ §®«¥ §¦ §£ª´£ª ´ª£¥£ ² . - £ª³ ±¡ ¬±¦ ³£ £¥ ²« £ª ´¬ ¦ : ¡ , §£¨££«¨ §£ª¨ ¦¨¬´ £²£³ ²³¦ ¡ , §££ª³ , £²¬´ ¦¨¬´ £²£³ ²¬ £¦¨£«±¨ . ¦³ ©ª££ª¬ ¦³ ²²¬´´ ²³® ²³± §£²¥¨ £´¦ §£¨¬¨ ´³¡ ´¦®¨ , °¬¦ ©²´® ¤£²°´ ¦³ ¨ . 159 £² ³¨£³ " £¢²£® " ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ £´¦ £² ´ª¡´ ª ²®«¨ ´ª¦´ ³ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ ´²«¨ ©£ ´²«¨ ) ´ª¡´ " ´£¢²£® (" , ²« ´²£¡ ´¦¨¬´ ²£³ ²³ . £² ´ª¡´ £¥ ²´«¨ " ´£¢²£® " §£²«£¦ ´®®¥ ©¨°¬ ´² ©ª£ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ¬±ª³ , £ £° £°¦ ³³ ´ª¦´¦ ³²£¦ ££¦¬ ´ª¡´ ©´ ª ¬£ª¨ . ² £³± £´¦±´ª ¦ §£¥£¦ , ´ª¡´ ©´ ¦£ ´ª ´ª¡´ © £² - £¦ - ´ª ´£ - £¦ - §£¦ª¨ ; ² £³± , ©£®£±¬ £¥² , ´ª¡´ ©´ ££°ª¥ §¨°¬ £°³ §£³ª ¦ ¬£¦ ££ ¦¬ , «¦ £° £´° §£¦ª¨ ª¥ ©ª¥ ¬£ª¨ . £³£ ©¨ ¦ ©¥ª¦ £´°¨ ²³± ²¢³¨ ££°ª ´®´´³ ´®´³¨ , ´²³±´ ²³¨ ´¢£¦±²® , £´¬£ ¦¥ ´£¢²£® £² ´ª¡´ ££ §£²£³ ¦³ ¬®´ ´²¨¡ ¦¬ §£ª® £´¬ ¢²® ´²£¡ £¨£ ª³ ´¨£ . ¦ ´£³²¨ £´³±£ , ³±¨ £«¨ £ª ©¨ , ´ª¡´ ©´ §¬ ©£ ´ ´°¨¦ ©´¥¨« ©´¦¥£ ²³ ¦¥ ª£³¬´ £¥ ©£¦£¬®¨ §¬ £² , ©£¦ §£¬¨³ª §ª£ §¨°¬¦ ©£ §£³¬ §£³ª ¦ ²«¦ . ´²£¡ §£¦ ¤¨« ´²£¡ §£ §£²±« ´¥£²¬ ´²£¡ £²±£« ¦³ §´¥£²¬ ³ª £´ª ££ª®¦ ³ §£¥£¦ ¡ ²£¡ §£ ´ . ¦ §£²±« ´¥£²¬ ¦¬ £´²« , ±¡ ´ § §£ª £¥ £²« §¨£¬ ¬² ¤ § §££¨ . ´¡ ²³ ©£ £´²¨ ¤¥ - ´ £´¬ " ¨ 23/01 ª ´¡ ¦²³£ ´¬£« ' £²¬¨ ¢ª²¢ª£ : §£¨±¨ §£²±« ... §¦ ´¬ª ´³ £³¬ ¦³ ´£®« ©£´°´ ¦¬ ©£²³£¨ ´¬®³ ´²£¡ , ¡ £³ ¬®³ ¤£¦¦ ´£ª°£ £² ©£±´ ´²£¡ . ©¥ ¦¬ ²´£ : ²±« ¦ ´³ ¦¦¬ ´²£¡ §£³ §±¨ ´£ª«² ´£¦¥£«® ¬®³ , ©¨ ´°±¨³ £¥ ª±«¨ ¦¦¥¦ £³ §£¦¥£ §£²¡ 160 ³¡ª ª£ £³£ §¦± . ¬² ¨ ²¨¦ ²´¨¦ §£´£¦ ©£¬¨ ³¡¨ ¦³ °´ ´ §£²¡ ¦³ . ³£¨ ´¬®³ ¨«²®¦ ³£³ ©£² §£´£¦ ¦¬ ´²£¡ §£¦³ §±¨ ²±« ¦³ §£²¡ ¦³ , §£³² £¦¨ ¦¬´³ ¦¥£ ²³ §£¬£¬ ´ª£¬² ´¦®¨ £³² ¦³ ´ª³ £°¦®£ª¨ ´£²³®¦ . £²±£¬ ¬£® ¦¬ £´¨¬ ££² ¤³¨ - ´²£¡ ¤£¦ ´ §£ª£ ¨ «£ - ´²£¡ ª¥´£´ ¦ §£¬¦³ §£²±£¬ £¢²±¨ ´£² - £´²¨ ¤¥ ²³± : ´£³®¡ ²£¡ ´¥ ©³² «£ ¦®¨ ²¡¦ ³£ ³ ¦¥¦ ´£ª±¨ §²±£¬ §£°®¡ §³ ¨¬¨ . ©¥ , §£¨² § § ¦³ ´¬ ¦¬ §£¬£®³¨ §£ª³ §£² ´²¡ ¤¥ ²¡£ , ²£´ª ²³¥ §¦ ²£¡ §£ ¦³ ¬°¨ §£¨±¨ §£²±«¦ ´ §£² §«²®´¦ , §®£³ ²´£ ¦¥£ ´£³®¡ ²£¡ ´¥ ³ª ¡² . ª ´³²¦ §£¨¬¨ ³¦³ ©£ ¨¬¨ ²®¨ £¥ ¨¦£ ²±« ´°´³ ¦³¨¨ £²¡ £²¡ . ¦¥£ ©£¬¨ ²±« §«²® £ª³¨ ¡ ¦ ²¡¦ ³±£³ £¨ ¡£²£³ §£²¡ §£¨¬¨ . ´²£¡ ¤¥ ²¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ ¤¥ ¦³¨¨ ´³ , §«²® ´°´ ¤´¨ ¡¥£ §£²¡³ ¬³ ²¬´ ¦ ²³® ´£ª¦® ¦®¨ £¥ §±¨ ¬£°¨ ¬ª¨££ §¬¢¨ ¨£«¡ ¡ ´ ²¬ . ´£³®¡ ²£¡ ´¥ ¨£® ³± ¥ ´£¦ ¦¦¬ , £ ¦¦¬³ ¬ 161 ´²£¡ ¤£¦ ´ ²±£¬¨ ¬±¬±¦ . ¨£® ±¨ ´¥ § ²¡¦ ´¥ § ´ ¦ §£² ¦¬¨¨ ´£´±¡ ´£¥ £´³ © ²¡£¦ ª³² . ´£³¡ ©²±¬ . ¦ £² ´²£¡ ¤£¦ ©£ © ´£³¡ ´²£¡ ©¥ § . £¥ ª£¦¬ ¦±¨ ¦³ ´²£¡ ´£³¡ ª££ª¬ ´²£¡ ´£³¡ ¢²® , ¦³ ¢ §¬¢ £¦ °¨ª ¦ §¦ £³¡ ©²±¬ ´ ³²®¦ ¦¦¥ ¦¬ § ´ . ³²£® §£² , ´²¦ ³£ ´²£¡ §£³ ´¡ ³±£¨¥ . §£²¡ ¦¥ ©£³ ¤´¨ ²¡¦ §£¦¥£ - ´¬ , ¤£¦ ¨°¬ ³²® §¦³ §£ £ª® ¦¬ ´²£¡ ) §°¬ , ¦¬ - §£¨£ £ª® §£¡ ( , ¡¢´³ ¦ ²« ¤¥ ´³£²® §¦ £³¬ ´²£¡ ¤£¦ £¥ ´²¨ ª£ª£¬ ´ ©£ ´¡ ³±£¨ ¬£°³ £¨ ©£ ¦£¦ ©²¡ ¬£°³ £¨ ©£¦ ©³² . £¨ ¦³ §¦± §¦±¥ §¦±³¨ ²¬ ´¬³ §£¬£°¨³ ²± ´¬³ ¬£°³ £¨ ¦³ , ©£ ¦ ©£ ¦¦ ¦ . §£² ´ ²ª ¤¥ § , ¤¥ §´²¦ ³£ £´¬¦ , ´°´ §«²® £¥ §£ ¦³ ¬°¨ ´²£¡ - ¦³ ¤² ¦¬ ¦ ²±« - £ ´£³¡ ´³± §®¦ £¥ ³ ´²£¡ . §££¥£« §£² §£²¨ ¡££ §£²¡ª ¦³ , ´¦£¡´¨ ´£³¡¦ § §£¥ ³ ®«¦ ¬ ´²£¡ §£ ¦³ . ´²£¡ ¤£¦ , ®« ¬ ´¦£¡´¨ , ´£³¡ ¦° ®´«¨ , ©¬°¨ ´£³¡ ´ §®¦ ª §£²« ´²£¡ ¦³ .... 162 ©²±¬¦ ²³ ¤¥ ©£³ . ¦³ £±¦¡ §«²® ´²£¡ §£ ¦³ ¬°¨ ´²£¡ ´°´ - ²±« ¦³ ¤² ¦¬ ¦ - ©£³ §®¦ £¥ ³£ ´²£¡ , £³ ¦¥£ ²± ²¡ ¦³ ¦±³ ²¬ ²¡ ¦³ ¦± ²³¨ ²´£ ³ . ¤¥ , ²±£¬ ²³® , £¦ ¦¦¬ §«²®³ ¬£® ª³ §£¨¬¨ ©£ ©£³ £±¬ §£ , £®¥ ¦£¬¦ ª²«³ . ¡ª¨ ¨±¨ ¥ ¢¦¡ , ´ °¨£ ²«£³ £² £¥ £ª¨ §¦ ±¡ ³²®¨ ¡² ¨±¨ ) ¦³¨¦ , ´®²° ±±¡ª³ ±¡ ´ª¥´¨¥ .( ©´³ §£¥ ´²£¡ §£ ©´³ §£ ´²£¡ §£ , ¦¬ §£¥£³¨¨ §£¨££«¨ §£´²£³ ¤ - £® - §²£«¥ ¦¬®¦ ©£ . ¨ª ²£¦£¨¥ ¦³ ±³¨¦ «® §² ©´³ §£ £¥ £¦ ²« ¦±³ , ²£ «® £¥ ¨ - ²³ ´®«ª ³¡¨¦ ª´ ££¡¨ §£¨£¨ ©´³ §£ ¦³ ¨£± ¤²°¦ . ¬£®¦ ²³ ¤¥ £¦¥¦¥ «®¦ ²³ ¤¥ ¬ ²«¨ . ©¥ ¦¬ ²´£ : ££ ´²¨³ª ª£ ©´³ ´°£¨ £¥ ²´«¨ ¨ ¨ §£² §£±«¬ §£¦¬ ¦¡¦ ²¨ ©´³³ ¦ , §£²¬ ¢¢³¨ ¦¥ £ª£¬ ²¨¨ ´ ¬££ ´²£¡ §£ §£ª£ª± . £¨ ² , ²¨¦ ²´¨¦ , ©£ ´¦£ ¦ ; £²£®¨ ¥¨ ©£ ³¬£ £ª£¬ ²³£ ³£ - ±¡ . £¥ ¤¥¦ ²¬ £ª £´ ´¨±¨¨ ´£®¦± ¦£ §£¥ ³²ª ©´³ - ²®« , ¦ £¥ £ª¨ §¦ ¬ª ¬ ¤² - ´¨¦ ´£®¦± ¦³ ©¨±£¨ ´²³®¦ ²³ £ª£°² ²±« ¥ ¬¨ ¬¨ ²¥³££ ²³ §££²£° , £´ ¬±££³ §£® £¦ - ²®« . £ª ²°£¦ §£¦¦¬³ §£®«ª §££³±¦ ²¬ ; ¤¥ , ¦³¨¦ , §£² §£¬ ´±«¬ ©££ª¬¦ ¨£¨ ´¦¥£¦ ²³ ¯°¦ §£¦¦¬ §££³± ©££ª¬¦ ´²£¡ £¥£¦ ´¥ ³ §£ª³ §£¬ ¦³ ²£¡ . ¡£ - §¬ - ´ , §£³ £¥ £ª¨ - ²£ «®¦ ¦ ±³¨¦ §²ª - ¬ ²«¨ §£³¨ - £¦¬ £¥ £² - «ª£ ³££ ª´ ´®¦¡ ±¦ . 163 ´²£¡ ´®±´ ¤³¨ ¥ °± ±¡ - 90 §± ¤²¬£¦ ´²¨ ´ª³ ´£¦£¬®¦ §£¨£ ¦³¨¨ ³²¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ , ¥ - 60 ³²¦ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ §± §£¨£ ¦³¨¨ . ³££¦ £³± ª¦±´ª ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ ¤¦¨ ´²£¡ ´¬³ ´¦¢¨ §¬ ´²£¡ ±¡ ¬±ª³ §£ª¨ ´¡¦ ´ ´£ ¥²¨ , ´£² ´²£¡ ´¬ ²±£¬ , ¦³ ©´ª¥¦ ¬°¦ ´££¡ ´²£¡ . ¨£³¨ ª¨¬ , £« ¤ ª´ ¬¦± ² £¥ - ¦£¡´ ¡££ - ²£« £´¦ ¯¡¦¦ , ´ª³ ´£² ´¬ §£² §£²¨ ²±£¬ . ©¥ ¬ - ¦³¨¨ ´³²¦ ´¡£¨ ´²£¡ § ª¨¬³ §££³± ©££ª¬¦ . ´²£¡ £¥£¦³ ¬¨ £¨°¬ ©£¦ £ª£ £´²² ´²£¡ ¤¦¨ ¦²³£ ² ¥ ©¨ §£¥³¨ª - 90 §£¨£ 60 §£¨£ - ©´£ª ²³ ¬ , ²¥¦ , ¦ ²®«¨ ´¬³ £ª® ¦¬ ¦ §£¥£¦ «²®¦ . ³ª ´ £´²±¡ ¦ , ¤ ´ª£°² ±£´ ¦³³ £² £¥ £ª¨ , £¥£¦ ´ ²°±¦ ´«ª¦ ¨¨ ©´£ª ¦¥¥ ´²£¡ . ´²£¡ £¥£¦ ´ ²°±¦ ³±ª § £¥ ²¨¦ ²´¨¦ , £¥ - ´¬ £¦¨ ³²£´ ´ª£¨ ´³¬ ¨ ²±¨ ¨£¦ ´±±¨ ª¥ ¦¬ §£«²®´¨ ©¦° ´²£¡ £¥£¦³ ¤¥ ´²¡ ´²´ - ²°± ®±´ £ª® . ¤¥ , ¦³¨¦ , ´®±´ ±±¡¨ ´°£¨¥ ´³¬ª ´£¦£¬® 60 §£¨£ 90 §£¨£ ´²£¡ £ª®¦³ , ®±´ ´ ± ª£³¬£´³ ´££¡ ©ª£ . ´²£¡ ©ªª¨ ´¡¦³ ¦¥ ¦¬ ³²¨ ¬± ¤² ©¥¨ £³ ¦¥£ £´£®¬´« £ - ²³¥£ ±² § ²¦ - ¤²¬£¦ ´²£¡ ª¦¥´ ¤¥ " ²´®¥ ´°£¡¦ ." ® £ £´°¬ , £¥ ©¦¥ ¦ ´¦³ ©¡´³ ´£¬°±¨ ¬ §±´ , ª¨°¬¨ ¤«¡¦ ¤¥ ¦¥ª ²³® ¦³¨£¨ ´£°£ ²«¡ ¦³ ¥² ®±´¨ ª¨°¬ ¬ª¨ª §£² §£³¨ . ´£®¦± ²£° ©¨±£¨ £®¦± £² ´¬£± ² ´ª³ ´² ¦¦¥ ´²£¡ ±¡ ´£®¦± ¦³ . ´¦£¨ ¦ ´² £¥ £ª¨£¦ ´²£¡ ´¥²¬¨ ¤¦¨ £ª£«£ª ´²£¡ ´¬ ´£³ª ¦³ ´¬ ¦±£³ ´ ) £ " £ª« ´²£¡ ´¬ ² ( ¡² 164 £² ª£³ , £®¦± ²°¦ ´¥¨« ©£ ¦£ §£ª´ ¨££±´ § ¦ ´ £®¦± §£¬£°¨ ¦³ §²®«¨ ² §£¡£³± . £¬« ´²¥ 70 ) ( ´²£¡ ±¡¦ , ££ £ª¦® £®¦± ² ³ §±¨ ¨ ´¡® - 100 §£²¡ , £ ´¢¦¡ ©´£ª " ´ ²°¦ £ª« ´²£¡ ´¬ ² ²´£ ²± £®¦± ² ¦ ² , ±¡²¨ §£² £ª³ ©£ ±¡²¨³ ¦ « ²£ . ´¡® £®¦± ² ³£ §±¨ ±² ´£®¦± ²°¦ ´¥¨« ´¦ ¨ - 100 §£²¡ , £ ¦³ §´¥¨« ´ £²¥ ¦³ ¦£¨ " ´²£¡ ´¬ ² £ª« . ²´£ ´£®¦± £´³ £ § §£¨££«¨ §£²±¨ £¥ ª¦ °¨ª ¤¥ ´¥¨« - ¦ , ¢¬¨ §£²¡ ²®«¨ £ ©¨ ´¡ ¦¥ ²³ - ¨³ § ²®« ¦¬ ¦¬ §£²¡ 100 - ´£®¦± ©´ ²°¦ ª¡¥ £ ¦ - ¦ . £² £¥ £ª¨ ±¡ ©±£´¦ ´³¬¦ - £¬« ´²¦ ¨ 70 ) ( ´£®¦± ¦°£® ª££ª¬³ - ¤¥ §£¬£°¨ ²®«¨ ²£° ´¥¨« ´ ´¥²¥ ² °¦³ , ´¥¨« ©´ª£´ ´£¦¦¥ , ¤¥¦ ´£² ª°¨£´³ ´£«ª , £®¦± ²°¦ ´ - ¦ - . £®¦± ´¬ ³£ ²£¥ ¨ ©¨£¬ ³£ ´¦®¨ ££°ª ££ ´³££¨ £®¦± ´¬ ´²¡ ¦®¨ §¬ ¨ ª£³ £¬°±¨ . £ £´¬ - ¬¨³ ¬ ³ ´¦¬¦ ³±¨ £ª ²¬ ´² §£¨¬® - ª££´ £®¦± ´¬ £¥ ²³¥£³ ª£¨ £¬ ££ ´³££¨ ³²¨ ²¦ , ´¦±´ ¬ª¨£ ² £®¦± ´¬ ³£ £¥£¦ ¥ ¦²£« ´¬ ¦³ ©´¬ §£¥ ´¦´¨ . £¬°±¨ °¦ ²³ ¤¥ , ´²£¡ ²¢ ´£²³® ¬£®¦ ²³ ¤¥ £ . ³ª ²¦ ¥£² ²¬³ ¤´¨ - ¯£¦¨ ²³ ª£¨ ²±¨ ´²¦ , ² ¡ ¯£¦¨ , £´ £®¦± ´¬ £¥ ££°ª £¥ §££¬°±¨ §£¨² ´³££¨ ª£ ¦ §£®£±³¨¥ ¦ © ³¨³£ ¦ ´¦®¨ - §¬® £¥ª ²°± . § § ¦¨ ¬° ¦±´´ ¦ , ¤² ¦¬ ±¡ ©±£´ ¦±³¦ £²³ £ª²« ¬¦´£ ²³ ´¬ £±¦£¡ ¦³ £²±¨ ¬²¥ ¡¥ ¦±£ £®¦± ´¬ £²£¥ ¨³ ´¬ £²¡ ©£ £®¦± . 165 §£²¡ «±ª®¨ ©£¥ ¦³ ¬£¨ ´²¬ ² £ ¦¥¦ §£²¡ ´¨£³² §£ª£¥¨ §£²¡ «±ª® ¦³ ´ª¥¦ £®¦± , £¬« ´²¥ 29 ¦ §£¢²® ¨£³² ´ ´¦¦¥ ´²£¡ ±¡¦ : §³ ²¡ ¦¥ ¦³ ¡®³¨ , £¢²® ¨³ , ¨ £ §³ , £¦ ´ª³ , ²®«¨ ©¬¨ «¦¥ §³²£¨ ´ ©£ . ´²«¨ª ²£° ©£¬¦ ´°¨ §£²¡ ´¨£³² ´£ ¥²¨ ´²£¡ ´¬ £²¡¨ ¡ ¦¥¦ © , ©¦±¦ ³² § . ´²«¨ª ¨£³² ²¢£¦±´ ¦¦¥ª ³¡¨¨ ¬£¨ ²¨ ¦³ ´ª¥´¨ . §££¦ §¥² ¦ §£³¡¨¨ ¬£¨ £²¨ °¨ ´¨± ´²£¡ §£ª³ §££¢²® §£¨² ¦³ , £¨ ¬£ ¤¥ ° ² ¢ª²¢ª£ ²´¦ ¬ ¦¥ ££ª£¬¦ ¬£¨ . ¬®´ ´²¨¡ ¦¬ ££ª® ¬£²´ ´£¢²® ´ª¦ °¬¨ , ´¥ ´¬® §£³²¨ £´¦ §£¥¨«¨ £´¦ §£¨²¦ ¬£¨ ´®£¦ £¥ ª££° ´£¢²®¦ £¡£ ¦³ , ¦¬ §£ª£¬ §£¨² ££¦ ¦®£¦ £ ¦¦¬³ ¦ ¬ ¦ ¬®¦ ¤² , £²³£¨ ©£®£±¬ © , ª£¨ ©¡¢ . ¦ £´´¥ ¤¥ ´±¬ ´£ ¥²¨ ´²£¡ ´¬ £²¡ , ©® ¦¬ ¬®´ ´²¨¡ ¦¬ §´ £´¨¬ ´¨± ´²£¡ ³¬ª³ §£³²¨ £´¦ §£³¬¨¦ ¦ª £¦£¦® , §£³ ¦¥ - ´£¢²® ´ª ±¡ ´²¦ ¦ , ¨³´ " - 1981 . ´²£¡ ´¬ £²¡¦ £´²¥ §³ ´££¡´ §¨°¬ ¦¬ §£¦¢ª , ²¢£¦±´ ´¦± §¬ , ¦¬ ´£³¡ ²¨³¦ §££¦ ²«¨ª ¬£¨ , ¦³ ¬£¨ ´ ³¨£³ ³¬£ ¦ £¥ §´ £´² ´²£¡ £¥²°¦ . ¬£¨ ´ ²£¬¦ ¦³ §´££¡¨ ´ §¦ £´²¥ ©¥ ¬££¦ §£¦¬ ¨³ £³£¦³ §¦ ¬£¨ ´²¬ £¥ ²´£ ¦³ ²¡ §¦ ¡ £¥ §¨°¬ ¦¬ ¦¢ª ´²£¡ ´¬ £²¡³ ´¡ ©´ . ´££¡¨ ®£¦ ´¬®´ , £´¬¦ , ¢±ª¦ ³£³ §£¬° ² ©£ ©£¬ §£²¡ «±ª® £¢²® ©£¥ ¦³ ³¨£³ ´¬£ª¨¦ £´¬ . ²¢£¦±´ ¦³ ¬¢ ³¬¨ ³¬ª³ ¤¥ ¦¬ ©¨£« ¦¥ ²£´¦ £¦¨ ´¦± ¦®¥³¦ ©´£ª ³ ¬£¨ ¦®¥£³ . ¦¬® , ¤¥ £¦ ²´« , §£²«¨ª §£²¢£¦±´ ´ ´¦®¨ ´¦®¥³¨ ©¦ , ´ª³ £¬ ´¦¬® § §£³¬ ª³¨ £ª¦±¦ §´ ´²£¬¨ ©³ , §¦®¥£³ ´²¦ . ¦¨ §£²¡ §£¨² ££¦ ¬£¨ ²¨ ²¬ ¤² ´¦®¨ , ¬£¨ ´¬°¨ ´¦¬® ¦¬ ²± ¡±£® ´¦¥£ ´¢¨³ª ¦£¨¨ ²¨³ . ´£® ¬£¨ ²¨ ´³³ ² £ - ´²¢¨¦ ´£²¡«¨ ´²¢¨¦ 166 ´²¡ - ¨¬¦ ³± , £¥ ²ª¥ © ©£ ´£¢²® ´ª ±¡ ´² ¬£´²¦ . £¥ ¦ ©´£ª °£¥ ª£¡¦ °¬ «¥¢¦ ³£ £¥ £ª¨ ©¦¥ ¦ ´£«ª ©££¬¦ £³² ª£³ £¨ ££¦ ²¬£ ¦ ¬£¨ ²¨³ ¬£¨ . ¦ °¬¨ ´ª £¬ ©²´®¦ ´ª³ ´¬° ´¥¨ ¬£° ´£¢²® , ¢£±ª¦ ´¬° ©¦¦¥ §££¦ª¥¢ §£¬°¨ , ±¡ ©±£´¦ ¬° . ¦ ´¬° £¥ £ª²« - £®¨ ´ £¬°±¨ ©¨£¨ - §££¬°±¨ ©£ ©£¬ ´££¡¨ . ¬£ª¨ £° ´°¦ ´¥¨« £¬« ´² 17 ¥¨« ª±¨ ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ £¦ ´ " ´²£¡ ´¬ ² ´² £®¦ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ £®¦ ´²£¬ ¬°£ §£¬ª¨ §£° ©´£¦ ´£ ¥²¨ ¦³¨¨ ³²¦ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ ±¡³ ´£®£°®« ] ¦³¨ ¡«ª [ , ¥³´ " ¢ - 1969 ´£¨±¨ ´£³² ±¡ ) ´²£¡ ( , ¥³´ " - 1965 , ´²£¡¦ ²¬ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ©±´ ´¡£¨ , £ ££ ª´£ª " ´®¥¦ ´¥¨« ² - «ª± ²«¨ - ²® ²³ £° ²³ §£° ¦³ §¨£± . ´¥¨« - ²±¨³ , ²´«¨¥ , £±®´ £¨± ¦³ £´²¬ , °¨ ¢®³ - £ª ¨ £¦ ¦£¬ ±¡ ©±£´ ¦¬ ¤²¨ . - ´¬ , £ ¦³ ´¥¨« §¡´ £¥ £¦ °¨ª " ´¬ ² ´£ ´¨°¨°¨ ¬£ª¨ £° £°¦ ´²£¡ ² - ¦¬ - £¨ . ¤¥ , ¦³¨¦ , ´¨¬ ©£ £¦ ¦ " ´ª³ ´² ±¡ ´² ¦¬ ²£¬ §£¬ª¨ §£° £°¦ ´¥¨« ² ´²£¡ ©ª££ª¬³ , ´²£¡ ±¡ ´² ©¥ . £´¬ £ ²¥£ª ²«¡ ££¦¬ ³±£ . ª - £¥ - ©¥ , ² ¦¬ ²¬ £ª¦® £¥ £¦ ¦´ª ¡ §±¨ ´²£¡ ±¡ ´²¨ , ±¡ ¦£ ª ¬£ª¨ ° £°¦ £´¦¥£ ¦ ¤ £° £°¦ ´¥¨« £¦ ª±¨ §£¦¬ ²£¬³ §£±¡ §¬ ª¨ª ª£ ´²£¡ ¬£ª¨ . £¬« ´ ©±´¦ ¬£°¨ £ª 17 ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ , ²¦ £«¦ £ ¦³ £´£¥¨« " ±¡ ´«ª¥¦ ´²£¡ ±¡ ´² ¦¬ ²£¬ £³¬¨ § ² ´£³²¦ ´²£¡ ´£¨±¨ . £¥ ±¡ ©±´£ ¦ § - ²£¬ £³¬¨ ²´££ §£²¡ ¦ - ´ ²¥£ª ¡² ³³¦ ¬£®³¦ £¥ § ³£³ §£³¬¨ § 167 ´²£¡ £¥£¦ - ¦³ ¬« ¦ - ³¨¨ , ££¢±® ¬« , ¦£¬£ £££¨ ¬« . ²´¨¦ £¥£¦ £¥ ¤´ §¢®£³¦ ¦¦¥ ¨ ª£ ¬£ ¦ §£³¬¨ ¢®£³ £¥ ²¨¦ ¡ ´²£ . §£¥£¦ ´° ±«®¦ ´¥¨« : £¬« ´² 17 ¦¨¬´ ±¡¦ £¦ ª±¨ ª£ " £ª®¦ §£ª££´¨ ¦¬ ´° ´£³¦ ´¥¨« ´²£¡ ´¬ ² , §£ª£¨ £¨ ¦¬ ´° ¦£¢¦ £² £¥ ¦ °¨£ § . ¤¥ , ¦³¨¦ , £¦ ¦ ²²´ª³ §±¨ ¤¥ «£ ´²«¡ ´£ª²¢ ´¬£´ " £¥ ² ¦®¨ ¢ ¡² ±¡ ¦¬ ²¬ ´£ª¦® . ´¥¨« ²¬£ £¥ ¡£ª¦ £¨°¬¦ ³²¨ £ª ¦ ´³¦ £ ´° ±«®¦ - ´£ª²¢ ´ª¦´ ¢¬¨ - §«²® £¨¬¢¨ ´¨«²® - ¦¬ ´ ££¡´ ²£¬ £¥ ³³¡ ¦ ¦¨¬´ ±¡ ¦¬ ´²£¬¦ § ´° §¦³´ ²£¬ . £ ££ ©´ª£´ £¥ ® ¬£°¨ £ª " ´²£¡ ´¬ ² ©££´¨ ¦¬ ´° ´£³¦ ´³²®¨ ´¥¨« , ´£«ª¦ §´ ´¬ ¦±£³ £®¦ ©££ª¬ . ¥ ² ©£³¡ ¦³£¨ ´£ ¢®³ - ©£¦¬ ¢®³¨ ³£ - ´£ ¥²¨ ´²£¡ ´¬ ³² ³³ ´«ª¥¦ - ¦³¨¨ ³²¦ ²³¬